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# Book settings
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# Learn more at https://jupyterbook.org/customize/config.html
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title: "A reproducible benchmark of resting-state fMRI denoising strategies using fMRIPrep and Nilearn"
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title: "A reproducible benchmark of denoising strategies in resting-state fMRI connectivity using fMRIPrep and Nilearn"
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author: Hao-Ting Wang, Steven L Meisler, Hanad Sharmarke, Natasha Clarke, Nicolas Gensollen, Christopher J Markiewicz, François Paugam, Bertrand Thirion, Pierre Bellec
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copyright: "2023"
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logo: logo.png
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html:
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use_issues_button: true
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use_repository_button: true
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announcement: "⚠️This is a working draft for discussion and feedback!⚠️"
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#announcement: "⚠️This is a working draft for discussion and feedback!⚠️"
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launch_buttons:
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notebook_interface: "classic"# The interface interactive links will activate ["classic", "jupyterlab"]
The information here aims to provide context to understand the documentations.
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## Denoising workflow
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The denoising workflow is implemented through `nilearn`.
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{numref}`fig-fmriprep-nilearn-denoise` presents the graphic summary of the workflow.
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The Python-based workflow describes the basic procedure to generate functional connectomes from fMRIPrep outputs with a Nilearn data loading routine
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(e.g., `NiftiMapsMasker` or `NiftiLabelsMasker`),
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fMRIPrep confounds output retrieval function (e.g., `load_confounds_strategy`),
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and connectome generation routine (`ConnectivityMeasure`).
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Path to the preprocessed image data is passed to load_confounds_strategy and the function fetches the associated confounds from the `.tsv` file.
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The path of an atlas and the path of the preprocessed image file is then passed to the masker, along with the confounds, for time series extraction.
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The time series are then passed to `ConnectivityMeasure` for generating connectomes.
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```{figure} ../images/fig-1-masker.png
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---
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height: 500px
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name: fig-fmriprep-nilearn-denoise
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---
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Example workflow of extracting denoised timeseries and functional connectomes from fMRIPrep outputs using nilearn.
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```
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## Benchmark workflow
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{numref}`fig-denoise-benchmark-workflow` presents the graphic summary of the benchmark workflow.
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The denoising benchmark workflow expands on the workflow in {numref}`fig-fmriprep-nilearn-denoise` (represented by the Nilearn logo in this figure).
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We retrieved the datasets from OpenNeuro through DataLad and all steps indicated with the arrows are implemented with bash scripts written for the SLURM scheduler.
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Atlases were either retrieved from the TemplateFlow archive or reformatted to fit the TemplateFlow format.
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The extracted time series, denoising metrics, and all metadata for generating the report are available on [Zenodo](https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6941757).
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```{figure} ../images/fig2-benchmark.png
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---
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height: 500px
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name: fig-denoise-benchmark-workflow
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---
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Workflow of generating the full denoising benchmark.
Copy file name to clipboardExpand all lines: content/index.md
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# Summary
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Reducing contributions from non-neuronal sources is a crucial step in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) analyses.
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Reducing contributions from non-neuronal sources is a crucial step in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) connectivity analyses.
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Many viable strategies for denoising fMRI are used in the literature,
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and practitioners rely on denoising benchmarks for guidance in the selection of an appropriate choice for their study.
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However, fMRI denoising software is an ever-evolving field, and the benchmarks can quickly become obsolete as the techniques or implementations change.
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In this work, we present a fully reproducible denoising benchmark featuring a range of denoising strategies and evaluation metrics,
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and practitioners rely on denoising benchmarks for guidance in the selection of an appropriate choice for their study.
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However, fMRI denoising software is an ever-evolving field, and the benchmarks can quickly become obsolete as the techniques or implementations change.
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In this work, we present a fully reproducible denoising benchmark featuring a range of denoising strategies and evaluation metrics for connectivity analyses,
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built primarily on the fMRIPrep {cite:p}`fmriprep1` and Nilearn {cite:p}`nilearn` software packages.
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We apply this reproducible benchmark to investigate the robustness of the conclusions across two different datasets and two versions of fMRIPrep.
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The majority of benchmark results were consistent with prior literature.
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Scrubbing, a technique which excludes time points with excessive motion,
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combined with global signal regression, is generally effective at noise removal.
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Scrubbing however disrupts the continuous sampling of brain images and is incompatible with some statistical analyses,
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e.g. auto-regressive modeling. In this case, a simple strategy using motion parameters,
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average activity in select brain compartments, and global signal regression should be preferred.
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Importantly, we found that certain denoising strategies behave inconsistently across datasets and/or versions of fMRIPrep,
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or had a different behavior than in previously published benchmarks, especially ICA-AROMA.
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These results demonstrate that a reproducible denoising benchmark can effectively assess the robustness of conclusions across multiple datasets and software versions.
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Technologies such as BIDS-App {cite:p}`bidsapp`, the Jupyter Book {cite:p}`jupyter` and Neurolibre {cite:p}`neurolibre` provided the infrastructure to publish the metadata and report figures.
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Readers can reproduce the report figures beyond the ones reported in the published manuscript.
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With the denoising benchmark, we hope to provide useful guidelines for the community,
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and that our software infrastructure will facilitate continued development as the state-of-the-art advances.
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We apply this reproducible benchmark to investigate the robustness of the conclusions across two different datasets and two versions of fMRIPrep.
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The majority of benchmark results were consistent with prior literature.
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Scrubbing, a technique which excludes time points with excessive motion, combined with global signal regression, is generally effective at noise removal.
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Scrubbing however disrupts the continuous sampling of brain images and is incompatible with some statistical analyses, e.g. auto-regressive modeling.
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In this case, a simple strategy using motion parameters, average activity in select brain compartments,
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and global signal regression should be preferred.
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Importantly, we found that certain denoising strategies behave inconsistently across datasets and/or versions of fMRIPrep,
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or had a different behavior than in previously published benchmarks.
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These results demonstrate that a reproducible denoising benchmark can effectively assess the robustness of conclusions across multiple datasets and software versions.
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In addition to reproducing core computations, interested readers can also reproduce or modify the figures of the article using the Jupyter Book project and the Neurolibre reproducible preprint server {cite:p}`neurolibre`.
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With the denoising benchmark, we hope to provide useful guidelines for the community, and that our software infrastructure will facilitate continued development as the state-of-the-art advances.
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Copy file name to clipboardExpand all lines: content/references.bib
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@article{biswal_2010,
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author = {Bharat B. Biswal and Maarten Mennes and Xi-Nian Zuo and Suril Gohel and Clare Kelly and Steve M. Smith and Christian F. Beckmann and Jonathan S. Adelstein and Randy L. Buckner and Stan Colcombe and Anne-Marie Dogonowski and Monique Ernst and Damien Fair and Michelle Hampson and Matthew J. Hoptman and James S. Hyde and Vesa J. Kiviniemi and Rolf Kötter and Shi-Jiang Li and Ching-Po Lin and Mark J. Lowe and Clare Mackay and David J. Madden and Kristoffer H. Madsen and Daniel S. Margulies and Helen S. Mayberg and Katie McMahon and Christopher S. Monk and Stewart H. Mostofsky and Bonnie J. Nagel and James J. Pekar and Scott J. Peltier and Steven E. Petersen and Valentin Riedl and Serge A. R. B. Rombouts and Bart Rypma and Bradley L. Schlaggar and Sein Schmidt and Rachael D. Seidler and Greg J. Siegle and Christian Sorg and Gao-Jun Teng and Juha Veijola and Arno Villringer and Martin Walter and Lihong Wang and Xu-Chu Weng and Susan Whitfield-Gabrieli and Peter Williamson and Christian Windischberger and Yu-Feng Zang and Hong-Ying Zhang and F. Xavier Castellanos and Michael P. Milham },
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title = {Toward discovery science of human brain function},
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journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
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volume = {107},
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number = {10},
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pages = {4734-4739},
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year = {2010},
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doi = {10.1073/pnas.0911855107},
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author = {Bharat B. Biswal and Maarten Mennes and Xi-Nian Zuo and Suril Gohel and Clare Kelly and Steve M. Smith and Christian F. Beckmann and Jonathan S. Adelstein and Randy L. Buckner and Stan Colcombe and Anne-Marie Dogonowski and Monique Ernst and Damien Fair and Michelle Hampson and Matthew J. Hoptman and James S. Hyde and Vesa J. Kiviniemi and Rolf Kötter and Shi-Jiang Li and Ching-Po Lin and Mark J. Lowe and Clare Mackay and David J. Madden and Kristoffer H. Madsen and Daniel S. Margulies and Helen S. Mayberg and Katie McMahon and Christopher S. Monk and Stewart H. Mostofsky and Bonnie J. Nagel and James J. Pekar and Scott J. Peltier and Steven E. Petersen and Valentin Riedl and Serge A. R. B. Rombouts and Bart Rypma and Bradley L. Schlaggar and Sein Schmidt and Rachael D. Seidler and Greg J. Siegle and Christian Sorg and Gao-Jun Teng and Juha Veijola and Arno Villringer and Martin Walter and Lihong Wang and Xu-Chu Weng and Susan Whitfield-Gabrieli and Peter Williamson and Christian Windischberger and Yu-Feng Zang and Hong-Ying Zhang and F. Xavier Castellanos and Michael P. Milham },
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title = {Toward discovery science of human brain function},
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journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
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