[CI] Integrate Conan Package Manager into Build Pipeline

[emttiew]

Conan provides features for hosting and sharing binary packages, which can speed up build times by allowing you to reuse pre-built dependencies instead of building them from source every time.

[emttiew]

This will also streamline our CI workflow, requiring only Conan to be installed within the Docker container (thus github workflow file will be very short), while the remainder of the process will be efficiently managed by Conan itself.