Add a ConfigProvider callback for runtime instrumentation option changes

[jackshirazi]

First step in adding support for runtime changes to options, focusing only on API additions.

The assumption is that if an instrumentation is able to handle changes at runtime, it will register a callback against the ConfigProvider instance that the otel SDK is using.

Further steps (to be discussed):

• Add spec change for runtime config updates and listener semantics
• Expose getConfigProvider() in the SDK API
• Provide a "change mechanism" for example, mutable provider or equivalent update source
• Add implementations

[codecov]

Codecov Report

✅ All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests.
✅ Project coverage is 90.19%. Comparing base (0a1a2ce) to head (164ea55).

Additional details and impacted files

@@             Coverage Diff              @@
##               main    #8076      +/-   ##
============================================
- Coverage     90.20%   90.19%   -0.01%     
  Complexity     7594     7594              
============================================
  Files           841      841              
  Lines         22915    22916       +1     
  Branches       2290     2290              
============================================
  Hits          20670    20670              
  Misses         1529     1529              
- Partials        716      717       +1     

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